NATURAL MORALITIES This page intentionally left blank NATURAL MORALITIES A Defense of Pluralistic Relativism David B. Wong 1 2006 1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With of?ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.surmtyb.com.cn Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wong, David B. Natural moralities : a defense of pluralistic relativism / David B. Wong. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN-13 978-0-19-530539-5 ISBN 0-19-530539-6 1. Ethical relativism. I. Title. BJ37.W66 2006 171'.7—dc22 2005056286 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper For Laura This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments am fortunate to have Lawrence Blum and Owen Flanagan as good friends Iand philosophical interlocutors. They have shown me how philosophers can grapple with what is most important, not necessarily with what is most easily regimented or managed by one’s favored philosophical method. They have shown me that striving to understand what is most important should take us across methodo- logical and subject boundaries that divide philosophers from each other (has it struck anyone else how much the meeting rooms at the American Philosophical Association are like little islands?) and also across boundaries that separate philosophers from other humanistic and scienti?c disciplines. I have been stimulated and sustained by philo- sophical discussion groups that over the years have included Blum and Flanagan, Judith DeCew, Janet Farrell Smith, Sally Haslanger, Thomas Hill, Jr., Martha Minow, Steven ′ Nathanson, Jennifer Radin, Margaret Rhodes, Amelie Rorty, Geoffrey Sayre McCord, David Wilkins, Kenneth Winkler, Kenneth Winston, and Michael Zimmerman. I have been able to weave into this book themes from Chinese philosophy and comparative ethics, and in this part of my work I have received a great deal of encouragement, stimulation, and challenge from Kwong-loi Shun, Joseph Chan, Antonio Cua, Chad Hansen, P. J. Ivanhoe, Xinyan Jiang, Henry Rosemont, Jr., Bryan Van Norden, and Jiyuan Yu. My colleagues at Duke—especially Flanagan, Martin Golding, and Alex- ander Rosenberg—have been generous with their time and talents in providing me with feedback and suggestions. Boris Kukso and Marion Hourdequin provided helpful comments on drafts of this book. Work on this book was supported by fellowships from the American Council of Learned Societies and the National Endowment for the Humanities. My thanks go to Peter Ohlin for his stewardship of this book. This page intentionally left blank Contents Introduction, xi Part I How Pluralism and Naturalism Make for Natural Moralities 1 Pluralism and Ambivalence, 5 2 Pluralistic Relativism, 29 3 Objections and Replies, 76 Part II Constraints on Natura
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